INTRODUCCIÓN
Las sales de diazonio son un grupo de compuestos orgánicos cuya estructura general es R−N2+X−, donde R puede ser cualquier residuo orgánico, un alquilo o un arilo, y X− habitualmente un anión haluro. Las sales de diazonio alifáticas son muy inestables y no tienen aplicación práctica. En cambio, históricamente, las sales de diazonio aromáticas, más estables, se han mostrado como importantes intermedios en la síntesis de colorantes.
En condiciones apropiadas (gran importancia posee el medio, pH y presencia de agua) las sales de diazonio pueden reaccionar como reactivos electrófilos en las substituciones aromáticas para dar productos llamados compuestos azo. A esta reacción se le conoce como reacción de copulación. Los compuestos azo tienen gran importancia industrial debido a que son sustancias intensamente coloridas, por lo que una gran variedad de ellas, se utilizan como colorantes artificiales. Las coloraciones pueden ser amarillas, naranjas, rojas, azules, incluso verdes, dependiendo de la estructura del compuesto.
Las sales de diazonio son poco electrofílicas por lo que reaccionan sólo con compuestos aromáticos ricos en electrones, en otras palabras, que tengan grupos fuertemente electrodonadores, como OH, NR2, NHR o NH2. Por lo general la sustitución se realiza en la posición para con respecto al grupo activante.
Las sales de diazonio son un grupo de compuestos orgánicos cuya estructura general es R−N2+X−, donde R puede ser cualquier residuo orgánico, un alquilo o un arilo, y X− habitualmente un anión haluro. Las sales de diazonio alifáticas son muy inestables y no tienen aplicación práctica. En cambio, históricamente, las sales de diazonio aromáticas, más estables, se han mostrado como importantes intermedios en la síntesis de colorantes.
En condiciones apropiadas (gran importancia posee el medio, pH y presencia de agua) las sales de diazonio pueden reaccionar como reactivos electrófilos en las substituciones aromáticas para dar productos llamados compuestos azo. A esta reacción se le conoce como reacción de copulación. Los compuestos azo tienen gran importancia industrial debido a que son sustancias intensamente coloridas, por lo que una gran variedad de ellas, se utilizan como colorantes artificiales. Las coloraciones pueden ser amarillas, naranjas, rojas, azules, incluso verdes, dependiendo de la estructura del compuesto.
Las sales de diazonio son poco electrofílicas por lo que reaccionan sólo con compuestos aromáticos ricos en electrones, en otras palabras, que tengan grupos fuertemente electrodonadores, como OH, NR2, NHR o NH2. Por lo general la sustitución se realiza en la posición para con respecto al grupo activante.
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